At the German Heart Center Munich we have installed and evaluated a novel system for robotic surgery. Its main features are the
incorporation of haptics (by means of strain gauge sensors at the instruments) and partial automation of surgical tasks. However,
in this paper we focus on the software engineering aspects of the system. We present a hierarchical approach, which is inspired by the
modular architecture of the hardware. Each component of the system, and therefore each component of the control software can be
easily interchanged by another instance (e.g. different types of robots may be employed to carry the surgical instruments). All
operations are abstracted by an intuitive user interface, which provides a high level of transparency. In addition, we have included
techniques known from character animation (so called key-framing) in order to enable operation of the system by users with non-engineering
backgrounds. The introduced concepts have proven effective during an extensive evaluation with 30 surgeons. Thereby, the system was
used to conduct simplified operations in the field of heart surgery, including the replacement of a papillary tendon and the occlusion
of an atrial septal defect.