(This review can be also viewed by opening the attached PDF file)
The paper addresses an important problem of the bone tissue anisotropy in finite element
modelling of long bones (femur is used) and, as such, fits well within the scope of the
Workshop. However, description of the modelling methods used is insufficient to fully
evaluate whether the study is technically sound. Therefore, my opinion is that the paper
can be accepted for publication in the Workshop only if the Authors answer the
questions/comments given below and modify their manuscript following them.
Major comments
1) What were the boundary conditions for the finite element model used? Figure 2
shows the force applied to the femoral head, but no information is given how the
bone was supported. Was the force applied to a single node or distributed over a set
of nodes?
2) On p. 3 the Authors write that linear hexahedral element were used. Were they fullyintegrated
or under-integrated hexahedrals?
3) What finite element solver was used and what type of finite element analysis (i.e.
geometrically linear or non-linear) was applied?
4) P. 6 Eqs. (7) and (8): How the parameters Δu and Δσ in a given region of interest
were calculated? Were they averaged over the elements and nodes in a given region
or they were calculated for the selected nodes and elements?
5) In the last paragraph of Discussion the Authors state that the models developed so far
“cannot reproduce exactly in vivo conditions” and suggest that their method has
features that ensure such “reproducibility”. Can the Authors explain what do they
mean by “in vivo conditions” and how they can be sure that their method can
represent them given the fact that the study contains no validation of the modelling
results.
6) Figure 3: The regions of interests are not indicated.
7) Figure 4: What material properties are shown in this figure and what are their units?
8) Eqs. (1)-(6): Were Eqs. (1)-(6) derived by the Authors or were they obtained from
the literature. If they were obtained from the literature, the references should be
given.
Minor comments:
1) The title “Orientation definition of anisotropy is important to finite element
simulation of bone material properties” does not correspond well to the scope and
content of the study. The study indicates that there are important differences between
the Von Mises stress and nodal displacements determined using isotropic and
orthotropic material models in regions where the principal material orientations vary.
The “finite element simulation of bone material properties” as such is not addressed
despite reference to such simulation in the title. Therefore, the Authors should
modify the title so it signals the study scope and results to the readers in a
meaningful way.
2) First sentence of Introduction: What do the Authors mean by stating that Finite
element (FE) analysis is “non-invasive method”. Finite element analysis is a
numerical method for solving partial differential equations and it does make much
sense to refer to it as either “invasive” or “non-invasive”.
3) Does MP refer to MPa (mega Pascals) and GP to GPa (giga Pascals)?
4) What are the units for density and Young’s modulus in Eqs. (3) and (4).
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Comment by Haisheng Yang: Reply to the reviewer
Thank you very much for the excellent and professional review of our paper. After carefully studying the reviewerâs comments and advice, we have made corresponding changes to the manuscript. Our detailed responses of the questions/comments are listed below:
Responses to the major comments
1) In the original manuscript, Figure 2 did not clearly show the boundary conditions for the finite element models used. In fact, the distal femur was fully constrained, i.e. all the three DOFs were set to zero. Thus, Figure 2 has been redrawn in the revision. Moreover, the single force was applied over a set of nodes on femoral head.
2) The elements of femoral mesh model should be fully-integrated hexahedrals. We have added this explanation on page 3 paragraph 4 in the revision.
3) In this study, the finite element solver, MSC.Nastran, was used for the numerical calculation and the linear static solution type was chosen. We added this information on page 6 paragraph 1.
4) Page 6 Eqs. (7) and (8): The explanation of the parameters in the two equations was not explicit in the original manuscript, which may make the reviewers or other readers confused. In the revision, we have reexplained them clearly on page 7 paragraph 1. Furthermore, the nodal displacement and Von Mises stress in a given region of interest were calculated by averaging over the nodes in this region and the parameters and were calculated basing on the average displacement and stress.
5) In the last paragraph of Discussion, the presentation was not clear, which may make the readers misunderstood. Thus, we need to explain here. In most studies of material property assignment, the spatial angles of the axes of anisotropy were determined via invasive methods such as grinding the surface of cadaveric femur or cutting femur in frontal and sagittal planes. In our study, the principal material orientations were defined according to the macroscopical structures (trabecular structure in femoral neck and haversian structure in femoral stem) that consist with the stress pass. This method is not destructive and may be used in vivo conditions. Our future work will be done to validate the anisotropic model through experiments.
6) We have indicated the regions of interests in Figure 3 and redraw this picture in the revision.
7) Figure 4 showed the distribution of 165 material cards in femoral FE mesh. The material cards were generated through the procedure of material property assignment (subsection 2.3) and showed in MSC.Patran. Detailed introductions about material card and Figure 4 were added on page 5 paragraph 3 and page 7 paragraph 3 respectively.
8) Eqs. (1)-(6) were obtained from the literature and we have given the relevant references in the revision.
Responses to the minor comments
1) The authors are grateful to the reviewerâs advice that the title âOrientation definition of anisotropy is important to finite element simulation of bone material propertiesâ does not correspond well to the scope and content of the study. As the objective of this work is to simulate the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of femur material and compare the biomechanical analysis results of isotropic models with that of anisotropic models, the title has been changed to âMaterial Properties Assignment of Femur and Comparison between Isotropic and Orthotropic Material Models Used for FE Analysesâ. This modified title signals the study scope and main content of this paper to the readers.
2) The first sentence of Introduction was incorrectly expressed in the manuscript. Actually what we want to say is that the finite element modeling is a non-invasive method as CT images can provide quantitative information on bone geometry and material properties. We have corrected the expression on page 2 paragraph 1.
3) MP refers to MPa (mega Pascals) and GP refers to GPa (giga Pascals). The authors are sorry for these mistakes. These have now been rectified in the revision.
4) In Eqs. (3) and (4), the unit for density is g/cm3 and the unit for Youngâs modulus is MPa. We added this information on page 5 paragraph 1.
Hope these will make the paper more acceptable for publication.
Review of Orientation definition of anisotropy is important to finite element simulation of bone material properties
by Anonymous on 06-30-2008 for revision #1 
